IPS冰剖面儀：海冰研究：與北極發(fā)展有關(guān)的最新發(fā)現(xiàn)和突出問題
Abstract
Sea-ice research has made great progress over the past thirty to forty years due in large part to improved measurements arising from earth observing satellites and year-long continuous measurements of the underside of sea ice from below using subsurface instrumented moorings. The geometry of sea-ice is highly variable and complex with horizontal scale sizes of discrete sea-ice floes ranging from one meter or less to 50 km or more. The vertical scale size, or ice thickness, which is much harder to measure, ranges from 5 cm or less to over 50 m. Seaice motion is highly dynamic within the Arctic as indicated by large spatial variations over distance scales ranging from tens of meters to several thousand kilometers (basin scale) as well as on seasonal and interannual time scales. Large internal ice stress conditions can develop which result in the cessation of sea-ice motion which can also impede ship movements through the sea-ice. Given the highly deformed and fractured nature of the floating sea-ice cover, very different responses to nearly identical wind forcing of sea-ice floes can occur over distances as small as a few kilometers. The improved understandings of the sea-ice regime as realized from past, present, and future Arctic research, is essential to realizing the goal of safe and sustainable Arctic activities.
摘要：
在過去的三四十年里，海冰研究取得了巨大進(jìn)展，這在很大程度上歸功于地球觀測(cè)衛(wèi)星的改進(jìn)測(cè)量以及使用地下儀器系泊從下方對(duì)海冰底部進(jìn)行的長(zhǎng)達(dá)一年的連續(xù)測(cè)量。海冰的幾何形狀是高度可變和復(fù)雜的，離散海冰浮冰的水平尺度大小從1米或更小到50公里或更大不等。垂直尺度大小或冰厚度更難測(cè)量，范圍從5厘米或更小到50米以上。北極海冰運(yùn)動(dòng)是高度動(dòng)態(tài)的，這從幾十米到幾千公里（盆地尺度）的距離尺度以及季節(jié)和年際時(shí)間尺度上的巨大空間變化中可見一斑。可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)較大的內(nèi)部冰應(yīng)力條件，導(dǎo)致海冰運(yùn)動(dòng)停止，這也會(huì)阻礙船舶在海冰中的運(yùn)動(dòng)。考慮到浮冰覆蓋層的高度變形和斷裂性質(zhì)，在短短幾公里的距離內(nèi)，對(duì)幾乎相同的浮冰風(fēng)力的反應(yīng)可能會(huì)非常不同。從過去、現(xiàn)在和未來的北極研究中認(rèn)識(shí)到的對(duì)海冰狀況的更好理解，對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)安全和可持續(xù)的北極活動(dòng)目標(biāo)至關(guān)重要。
關(guān)鍵詞：IPS冰剖面儀，ASL IPS海冰，聲學(xué)冰厚度監(jiān)測(cè)，聲學(xué)后向散射，海洋探測(cè)，北極冰研究，回聲探測(cè)。
